Go to content

References

Brynjarsson, H., Geirdalur, S. B., & Víðisdóttir, U. F. (2025). Fjölmiðlar og traust 2025: Niðurstöður spurningakönnunar Maskínu fyrir Fjölmiðlanefnd [Media and trust 2025: Results of Maskína's survey for the media committee]. Icelandic Media Commission. https://netvis.is/wp-content/uploads/Fjölmidlar-og-traust.pdf
Chilvers, M., Sánchez Gassen, N., Lundgran, A., & Tapia, C. (2024). Geographies of discontent in the Nordic region? A conceptual overview. Nordregio. http://doi.org/10.6027/WP2024:1.1403-2511
Dzhavatova, K., Sánchez Gassen, N., Tapia, C., Sonesson, M., Norlén, G., & Berbert Bruno, K. (2025). Nordic spatial variations in demographic, social, and economic characteristics: A visual guide. Nordregio. http://doi.org/10.6027/WP2025:2.1403-2511
DR. (2024a). DR’s public service-kontrakt for 2024–2026 [DR's public service contract for 2024–2026]. https://tinyurl.com/588yhc9v
DR. (2024b). DR's årsrapport 2024 [DR’s annual report 2024]. https://www.dr.dk/om-dr/fakta-om-dr/drs-aarsrapporter
Egmont. (2024). Key figures & reports. https://www.egmont.com/key-figures-reports
European Audiovisual Observatory. (2021). A media support scheme for private media (2021-7:1/28). https://merlin.obs.coe.int/article/9225
European Commission. (2022). DESI 2022 composite index. https://tinyurl.com/mrnas8yb
European Commission. (2025a). Broadband coverage in Europe 2024: Mapping progress towards the coverage objectives of the digital decade: Final report. Publications Office of the European Union. https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2759/9441597
European Commission. (2025b). DESI dashboard for the digital decade (2023 onwards). https://digital-decade-desi.digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/datasets/desi/charts
European Union. (2023). Media & news survey 2023. https://europa.eu/eurobarometer/surveys/detail/3153
Euromedia Ownership Monitor. (2025). Search media owners. https://media-ownership.eu
Eurostat. (2024a). Individuals – devices used to access the internet. https://doi.org/10.2908/ISOC_CI_DEV_I
Eurostat. (2024b). Individuals' level of digital skills (from 2021 onwards). https://doi.org/10.2908/ISOC_SK_DSKL_I21
Eurostat. (2024c). Migrant integration statistics – migration status and household composition. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Migrant_integration_statistics_-_migration_status_and_household_composition
Eurostat. (2025a). Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income. https://doi.org/10.2908/TESSI190
Eurostat. (2025b). Individuals – internet activities. https://doi.org/10.2908/ISOC_CI_AC_I
Eurostat. (2025c). Mean and median income by age and sex. https://doi.org/10.2908/ILC_DI03
Finnish Transport and Communications Agency. (2025a). Statsunderstöd för tidningsutdelning [State support for newspaper distribution]. https://www.traficom.fi/sv/kommunikation/post/statsunderstod-tidningsutdelning
Finnish Transport and Communications Agency. (2025b). Understödet för nyhetsmedier [Support for news media]. https://www.traficom.fi/sv/kommunikation/tv-radio-och-ovriga-medietjanster/statsunderstod-stodjande-av-informationsformedling
Finlex. (n.d.). Lag om Rundradion Ab [Act on Yleisradio Oy]. https://www.finlex.fi/sv/lagstiftning/1993/1380
Foundation for SR, SVT, and UR. (2024). Årsredovisning och koncernredovisning för räkenskapsåret 2024-01-01–2024-12-31 [Annual report and consolidated report for the financial year 2024-01-01–2024-12-31]. https://forvaltningsstiftelsen.se/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/802404-6982-AR-2024-signed-10700345.pdf
Government of Denmark. (2013). Lov om mediestøtte [Media support act] (LOV nr 1604 af 26/12/2013). https://www.retsinformation.dk/eli/lta/2013/1604
Government of Finland. (2023). Statsrådets förordning om statsunderstöd för stödjande av informationsförmedling och nyhetsmedier 2023 [Government Regulation on State Subsidies for Supporting Information and News Media 2023]. https://www.finlex.fi/sv/lagstiftning/forfattningssamling/2023/476#OT6
Government of Iceland. (2025). Lög um breytingu á lögum um fjölmiðla, nr. 38/2011 (stuðningur við einkarekna fjölmiðla) [Act amending the Media Act, No. 38/2011 (support for private media)]. https://island.is/stjornartidindi/nr/471bf147-41d1-45ee-99db-be0b32716683
Government of Norway. (2020). Lov om økonomisk støtte til mediene (mediestøtteloven) [Act on Financial Support for the Media (Media Support Act)] (LOV-2020-12-18-153). https://lovdata.no/dokument/NL/lov/2020-12-18-153
Government of Sweden. (2025a, December 4). Public service-uppdrag för Sveriges Radio AB [Public service assignment for Sveriges Radio AB]. https://tinyurl.com/4s78jrv3
Government of Sweden. (2025b, December 4). Public service-uppdrag för Sveriges Television AB [Public service assignment for Sveriges Television AB]. https://tinyurl.com/35huryup
IAB [Interactive Advertising Bureau Europé]. (2021, 1 July). Adex benchmark 2020 study. https://iab.hu/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/2020-Adex-Full-Report-1st-July-2020.pdf
IAB [Interactive Advertising Bureau Europé]. (2024, May). Adex benchmark 2023 study. https://iabeurope.eu/wp-content/uploads/IAB-Europe_AdEx-Benchmark-2023-Report.pdf
The Icelandic Media Commission. (2025, November 1). Opnað hefur verið fyrir umsóknir um rekstrarstuðning til einkarekinna fjölmiðla [Applications for operational support for private media have been opened]. https://fjolmidlanefnd.is/2025/11/01/opnad-hefur-verid-fyrir-umsoknir-um-rekstrarstudning-til-einkarekinna-fjolmidla-3/
IRM [Institute for Advertising and Media Statistics]. (2025a). Nordic ad market returns to growth in 2024. IRM SE. https://www.irm-media.se/aktuellt/nyheter/nordic-ad-market-returns-to-growth-in-2024/
IRM [Institute for Advertising and Media Statistics]. (2025b). The Nordic advertising market jan–jun 2025. IRM SE. https://www.irm-media.se/aktuellt/nyheter/the-nordic-advertising-market-jan-jun-2025/
IRM [Institute for Advertising and Media Statistics]. (2025c). Annonceomsætning i alt [Total advertising revenue]. IRM DK. https://www.irm-media.dk/om-irm/annonceomsaetning/
IRM [Institute for Advertising and Media Statistics]. (2025d). Årsstatistik [Annual statistics]. IRM SE. https://www.irm-media.se/om-oss/irms-aarsstatistik/
Lindberg, T. (2023). Nordic news media in global competition: The conditions for news journalism in the digital platform economy. Nordicom, University of Gothenburg. https://doi.org/10.48335/9789188855718
Media Authority of Norway. (2024). Allmennkringkastings-rapporten 2024 [Public Broadcasting Report 2024]. https://www.medietilsynet.no/globalassets/publikasjoner/allmennkringkastingsrapporter/
250625_allmennkringkastingsrapporten_tv2_2024.pdf
Ministry of Culture Denmark. (2023, June 14). Medieaftale for 2023–2026: Samling om frie medier og stærkt dansk indhold [Media agreement for 2023–2026: Collection on free media and strong Danish content]. https://kum.dk/fileadmin/_kum/1_Nyheder_og_presse/2023/Medieaftale_for_2023-2026__Samling_om_frie_medier_og_staerkt_dansk_indhold_-_TG.pdf
Ministry of Culture Denmark. (2024, March 27). Tilladelse til TV 2 DANMARK A/S til at udøve public service-programvirksomhed 2024-2026 [License for TV 2 DANMARK A/S to carry out public service programming activities 2024-2026]. https://tinyurl.com/5fevnhkx
Ministry of Culture Denmark. (2025a). Mediestøtte for borgerne – demokratisering, fremtidssikring og forenkling [Media support for citizens – democratization, future-proofing and simplification]. https://kum.dk/fileadmin/_kum/1_Nyheder_og_presse/2025/Rapport_-_Mediestoette_for_borgerne.pdf
Ministry of Culture Denmark. (2025b). Public service. https://kum.dk/kulturomraader/medier/medieaftaler-1-1-1-1
Ministry of Transport and Communications Finland. (2024, September 12). Parliamentary working group reduces funding and promotes transparency of Finnish Broadcasting Company. https://lvm.fi/en/-/parliamentary-working-group-reduces-funding-and-promotes-transparency-of-finnish-broadcasting-company
Newman, N., Arguedas, A. R., Robertson, C. T., Nielsen, R. K., & Fletcher, R. (2025). Reuters Institute digital news report 2025. https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/digital-news-report/2025
Nord, M., Altman, D., Angiolillo, F., Fernandes, T., God, A. G., & Lindberg, S. I. (2025). Democracy report 2025: 25 years of autocratization – democracy trumped? V-Dem Institute, University of Gothenburg. https://www.v-dem.net/publications/democracy-reports/
Nordic Statistics. (2024a). EDUC11: Population by educational attainment level by reporting country, age, level, sex, unit and time [Database]. https://tinyurl.com/dkdrjfzw
Nordic Statistics. (2024b). NAAC01: National accounts, supply and demand, million euro by reporting country, national accounts indicator, unit and time. https://tinyurl.com/dn67uus9
Nordic Statistics. (2024c). POPU01: Population 1 January by unit, reporting country, age, sex and time. https://tinyurl.com/2kz7umup
Nordic Statistics. (2024d). POPU09: Population by reporting country, unit, degree of urbanisation and time. https://tinyurl.com/bddw4uwm
Nordic Statistics. (2024e). PRIC01: National consumer price indices, index (2015=100), by reporting country, product group and time. https://tinyurl.com/y6d4xwn9
Nordic Statistics. (2024f). WORK02: Employment and unemployment by reporting country, age, employment status, sex and time. https://tinyurl.com/3rkd5epk
Norwegian Media Authority (2023, February 10). Produksjonstilskott [Production subsidy]. https://www.medietilsynet.no/mediestotte/produksjonstilskudd/
Norwegian Media Authority (2025a, November). De direkte mediestøtteordningene: En utredning fra Medietilsynet [The direct media support schemes: A study from the Norwegian Media Authority]. https://www.medietilsynet.no/globalassets/publikasjoner/mediestotteoppdraget/251119-mediestotteoppdraget-2025.PDF
Norwegian Media Authority. (2025b, January 30). Støtte til lokalkringkasting [Support for local broadcasting]. https://www.medietilsynet.no/mediestotte/stotte-til-lokalkringkasting/
Norwegian Media Authority. (2025c, May 27). Støtte til samiske aviser [Support for Sámi newspapers]. https://www.medietilsynet.no/mediestotte/samiske-aviser/
Norwegian Media Authority. (2025d, October 31). Ti nye aviser får produksjonstilskudd [Ten new newspapers receive production subsidies]. https://www.medietilsynet.no/nyheter/aktuelt/ti-nye-aviser-far-produksjonstilskudd/
Norwegian Media Businesses’ Association. (2025, January). Annonseomsetning på 26,6 milliarder kroner i 2024 [Advertising revenue of 26.6 billion Norwegian kroner in 2024]. Mediebedriftene. https://www.mediebedriftene.no/artikler/2025/annonseomsetning-pa-266-milliarder-kroner-i-2024/
NRK. (2024). Årsrekneskap og styrets beretning: Årsrapport 2024 [Annual accounts and board of directors' report: Annual report 2024]. https://info.nrk.no/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/251014_NRK_Arsrapport.pdf
NRK (2025a, October 23). Bylaws for NRK AS. https://www.nrk.no/about/bylaws-for-nrk-as-1.4029867
NRK. (2025b). Vedtekter og NRK-plakaten [Statutes and the NRK poster]. https://info.nrk.no/vedtekter/
Ohlsson, J., Blach-Ørsten, M., & Willig, I. (2021). Covid-19 och de nordiska nyhetsmedierna [Covid-19 and the Nordic news media]. Nordicom, University of Gothenburg. https://doi.org/10.48335/9789188855473
Ohlsson, J., & Facht, U. (2017). Kampen om reklamen [The battle for advertising]. Nordicom, University of Gothenburg. https://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:norden:org:diva-9737
Parliament of Finland. (2021, November 3). Regeringens proposition RP 250/2020 rd [Government bill RP 250/2020]. https://tinyurl.com/4wxxxfwe
Parliament of Iceland. (2013). Lög um Ríkisútvarpið, fjölmiðil í almannaþágu [Act on the Icelandic National Broadcasting Service, a public service medium]. https://fjolmidlanefnd.is/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Act-on-the-Icelandic-National-Broadcasting-Service-No-23_2013.pdf
Parliament of Sweden. (2025, October 30). Lag (2025:986) om public service [Law (2025:986) on public service]. https://www.riksdagen.se/sv/dokument-och-lagar/dokument/svensk-forfattningssamling/lag-2025986-om-public-service_sfs-2025-986/
Radio IIII. (n.d.). Om Radio IIII [About Radio IIII]. https://radio4.dk/om-radio4
Reporters Without Borders. (2025). World press freedom index 2025. Retrieved 17 October, 2025, from https://rsf.org/en/index
Royal Department of Culture and Equality of Norway. (2023, November 30). Vedtak om tildeling av avtale om kommersiell allmennkringkasting til TV 2 AS [Decision on awarding a contract for commercial public broadcasting to TV 2 AS]. https://tinyurl.com/5an2uasn
RÚV (The Icelandic National Broadcasting Service). (2024a). Samningur menningar- ogviðskiptaráðherra ogRíkisútvarpsins ohf. um fjölmiðlaþjónustu í almannaþágu 2024–2027 [Agreement between the Minister of Culture and Trade and the Icelandic National Broadcasting Corporation on media services in the public interest 2024–2027].
RÚV (The Icelandic National Broadcasting Service). (2024b). Samstæðuársreikningur 2024 [Consolidated financial statements 2024]. https://images.nyr.ruv.is/media/public/documents/
Samstæðuársreikningur_RÚV_2024_undirritadur.pdf
Sánchez Gassen, N., Tapia, C., Chilvers, M., & Dzhavatova, K. (2025). Navigating Nordic discontent: Regional divides, electoral trends, and the green transition: A project synthesis. Nordregio. https://doi.org/10.6027/PB2025:18-2001-3876
Sepstrup, P. (2004). Fra medieforskning til såkaldt medieforskning – en model til beskrivelse af mediestrukturen [From media research to so-called media research – a model for describing the media structure]. In H. Bruun, K. Frandsen., & P. Jauert (Eds.), Forskning i mediepolitik – mediepolitisk forskning [Research in media policy – media policy research]. Modtryk.
Shtreis, I. (2025, October 16). Iceland Extends Private Media Subsidies for Another Year. Iceland Review. https://tinyurl.com/2kr5rs3e
Statcounter. (2025). Search engine market share worldwide. Retrieved December 15, 2025, from https://gs.statcounter.com/search-engine-market-share
Statistics Iceland. (2025, November 27). Ten percent decrease in advertising purchases in Icelandic media. https://statice.is/publications/news-archive/media/advertising-revenue-of-the-media-2023/
Statistics Norway. (2025, November 27). Statistics on electoral turnout. https://www.ssb.no/en/valg/stortingsvalg/statistikk/valgdeltakelse
Steinvall, C. E., & Thor, M. (2025). Techjättarna tar annonspengarna: Hur ska journalistiken finansieras? [Tech giants take the advertising money: How should journalism be financed?] Institutet för mediestudier. https://www.mediestudier.se/reports/techjattarna-irm-2025
SVT. (2024). Årsredovisning för Sveriges Television AB [Annual report for Sveriges Television AB]. https://tinyurl.com/yc7ys35k
Swedish Agency for the Media. (2025a). Allmänt redaktionsstöd [General editorial subsidy]. https://mediemyndigheten.se/stod-till-medier/allmant-redaktionsstod/
Swedish Agency for the Media. (2025b). Beviljade stöd och protokoll [Granted subsidy and protocols]. https://mediemyndigheten.se/stod-till-medier/beviljade-stod/
Swedish Agency for the Media. (2025c). Distributionsstöd [Distribution subsidy]. https://mediemyndigheten.se/stod-till-medier/distributionsstod/
Swedish Agency for the Media. (2025d). Utökat redaktionsstöd [Extended editorial subsidy]. https://mediemyndigheten.se/stod-till-medier/allmant-redaktionsstod/
Swedish Agency for the Media. (2025e). Övergångsstöd [Transitional subsidy]. https://mediemyndigheten.se/stod-till-medier/overgangsstod/
Tapia, C., Dzhavatova, K., Norlén, G., Chilvers, M., Lundgren, A., & Sánchez Gassen, N. (2024). Moving together or drifting apart? Territorial differences in household wealth across the Nordic region. Nordregio. http://doi.org/10.6027/WP2024:2.1403-2511
TV 2 Danmark. (2024). Årsrapport 2024 [Annual report 2024]. https://omtv2.tv2.dk/media/fh0necih/tv-2-a-rsrapport-2024.pdf
TV 2 Danmark. (2026). TV 2 Regionerne [TV 2 regions]. https://omtv2.tv2.dk/fakta/organisation/tv-2-regionerne/
UNDP (United Nations Development Programme). (2023a). Gender inequality index (GII). https://hdr.undp.org/data-center/thematic-composite-indices/gender-inequality-index#/indicies/GII
UNDP (United Nations Development Programme). (2023b). Human development index (HDI). https://hdr.undp.org/data-center/human-development-index#/indicies/HDI
UR. (2024). Årsredovisning för Sveriges Utbildningsradio AB [Annual report for Sveriges Utbildningsradio AB]. https://www.ur.se/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/Arsredovisning_2024.pdf
Valgdirektoratet [Directorate of elections]. (2025). Election result. https://valgresultat.no/valg/2025/st#partyDistribution
World Bank Group. (2024a). GDP (current US$). https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD
Yle. (2024a). Yle som bolag [Yle as a company]. https://svenska.yle.fi/bolaget/ekonomi
Yle. (2024b).Yles årsberättelse 2024 [Yle’s annual report 2024). https://drive.google.com/file/d/1rWf9B1KXwjYZnph797KOdMz-KUm-1C0z/view
Yle. (2025, January 24). Yle säger upp 156 anställda – maximalt 10 tvingas gå från Svenska Yle, Strömsö omformas [Yle lays off 156 employees – a maximum of 10 are forced to leave Swedish Yle, Strömsö is being transformed]. https://yle.fi/a/7-10071225
NORDIC NEWS MEDIA LANDSCAPES 2025 | NORDICOM
Check Copied to clipboard