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Terrestrial television in Denmark


Regulatory authorities

Responsibility for media regulation is shared among several institutions:
  • The Danish Ministry of Culture (Kulturministeriet) sets the overall strategy and legal framework for the media sector. It prepares media agreements, defines public service obligations, and updates legislation in response to technological and market developments.
  • The Radio and Television Board (Radio- og tv-nævnet) is the main supervisory authority. It oversees broadcasters’ adherence to rules on advertising, sponsorship, programme standards, and licensing. It also handles cases related to violations of media regulation.
  • The Danish Agency for Culture and Palaces (SLKS/Slots- og Kulturstyrelsen) provides administrative and technical support to the Radio and Television Board. SLKS also publishes regulatory documents, including public service licences and guidelines, and carries out broader national cultural policy functions.
  • The Danish Agency for Digital Government (Digitaliseringsstyrelsen) is responsible for spectrum management and the allocation of spectrum frequencies. It ensures efficient use of spectrum and prevents harmful interference between users, including across national borders.

References

Danish Agency for Digital Government. (n.d.). Telecommunications and spectrum regulation: The frequency plan.
https://en.digst.dk/telecom/spectrum/the-frequency-plan/
Government of Denmark. (2020). Radio and Television Broadcasting Act (Consolidated Version) [In Danish].
https://www.retsinformation.dk/eli/lta/2020/1350
Ministry of Culture. (n.d.). Medier [In Danish].
https://kum.dk/kulturomraader/medier-1
Radio and Television Board (Radio- og tv-nævnet). (n.d.). Radio- og tv‑nævnet [In Danish].
https://slks.dk/omraader/medier/naevn-og-udvalg/radio-og-tv-naevnet/

Terrestrial television network

The transition from analogue to DTT was completed on 1 November 2009. Since then, all television broadcasts sent through the antenna network have been digital.
Cibicom A/S, owned by the European equity fund Agilitas Private Equity LLP, owns and operates the nationwide broadcasting networks which are used for distributing DTT.
The network is divided into so-called multiplexes that carry different television channels. MUX 1 is reserved for free-to-air public service broadcasting and is operated by the public service broadcaster DR. It carries DR’s public service channels, the main channel of state-owned broadcaster TV 2, which has public service obligations, and licensed non-commercial regional television stations (the so-called TV 2 regions).
The remaining multiplexes (MUX 2–5) are operated by Norlys (formerly Boxer), a Danish telecommunications and energy group owned by a cooperative of local utility companies. These multiplexes carry commercial television channels, most of which are encrypted and require a subscription, although some channels may be free-to-air.

References

Cibicom A/S. (n.d.). About Cibicom.
https://cibicom.com/about-cibicom/
Norlys. (n.d.). Om Norlys [In Danish].
https://norlys.dk/om-norlys/
Norlys. (n.d.). TV [In Danish].
https://norlys.dk/tv/

Permits for terrestrial television

Broadcasting via antenna requires two licences: a programme licence and a frequency licence.
A programme licence gives permission to provide television content via the terrestrial network, and they are issued by the Danish Radio and Television Board. An exception applies to DR and TV 2’s main channel, which are directly authorised through the Danish Radio and Television Broadcasting Act.
Unlike DR, TV 2 operates under a commercial public service licence. And only the main channel holds a public service licence granted by the authorities. Other TV 2 channels operate under commercial broadcasting licences.
When a programme licence has been granted, a frequency licence may be issued by the Danish Agency for Digital Government.
The legal framework for frequency licences for radio and television is set out in the Danish Frequency Act, as well as in the Executive Order on the Frequency Plan.

References

Danish Agency for Digital Government. (n.d.). Telecommunications and spectrum regulation.
https://digst.dk/tele-og-sikkerhed/teleomraadet/
Danish Radio and Television Board (Radio- og tv-nævnet). (n.d.). Media regulation and supervision.
https://slks.dk/english/work-areas/media
Government of Denmark. (2023). Danish Frequency Act (Lov om radiofrekvenser) [In Danish].
https://www.retsinformation.dk/eli/lta/2023/1100
Ministry of Culture. (2023). Executive Order on the Frequency Plan [In Danish].
https://www.retsinformation.dk/eli/lta/2023/1148

Public service broadcasting

Denmark’s public service system is run by Danmarks Radio (DR) and TV 2 Danmark together with eight TV 2 regional stations. DR operates under the public service contract for 2024–2026. DR must provide a broad and diverse portfolio of services across television, radio, and digital platforms. Its remit includes news, culture, education, children’s content, drama, and coverage that reflects Danish society.
DR is a publicly funded, self-governed institution financed through general taxation, after the former licence fee was replaced by an income tax contribution from 2022 onward. Every Danish resident aged 18+ must contribute to DR through income tax: This revenue is allocated via the state budget – it is not a standalone fee.
TV 2 Danmark A/S is a state-owned public limited company. The broadcaster has carried public service obligations since 1988, when it was established as a national television broadcaster alongside DR. Today, these obligations are defined in a public service licence issued by the government, currently covering 2024–2026. The main channel, TV 2, must deliver programming that contributes to democratic debate, cultural life, regional relevance, and comprehensive news coverage. TV 2 is commercially funded, relying mainly on subscription revenues and advertising income. It no longer receives general licence‑fee funding.
The eight regional TV 2 stations produce regional news, cultural programming, and community-focused content. They are independently run but form part of the wider TV 2 system. The stations are not owned by TV 2 Danmark, the state, or private companies, but operate as self-governing public institutions. Their funding is allocated through national media agreements and via the Danish state budget under the Ministry of Culture, amounting to approximately 500–600 million Danish kroner annually. While they may generate limited additional income, their core financing is public and managed independently from TV 2 Danmark’s commercial operations.
Denmark does not have privately owned public service television broadcasters.

References

Danmarks Radio. (2024). Annual report 2024 [In Danish].
https://www.dr.dk/om-dr/fakta-om-dr/drs-aarsrapporter
Danmarks Radio. (n.d.). Corporate information [In Danish].
https://www.dr.dk/om-dr
Government of Denmark.. (2020). Radio and Television Broadcasting Act [In Danish].
https://www.retsinformation.dk/eli/lta/2020/1350
Ministry of Finance. (n.d.). Forslag til Finanslov 2026: Overblik over Danmarks statsbudget [In Danish].
https://fm.dk/udgivelser/2025/august/forslag-til-finanslov-for-finansaaret-2026
Ministry of Culture. (2024). DR public service contract 2024–2026 [In Danish].
https://kum.dk/fileadmin/_kum/2_Kulturomraader/Medier/DR/Public_service-kontrakt_for_DR_2024-2026.pdf
Ministry of Culture. (2024). TV 2 Denmark public service licence 2024–2026 [In Danish].
https://omtv2.tv2.dk/media/4q1dz2q1/public_service-tilladelse_tv_2_danmark_a_s_2024-2026.pdf
TV 2 Danmark A/S. (n.d.). Corporate information [In Danish].
https://omtv2.tv2.dk/

Must-carry obligations

The must-carry obligations in Denmark are laid out in the Radio and Television Broadcasting Act and apply to cable television networks and shared antenna systems. The purpose of the rules is to ensure that television content of public interest remains accessible to the population, regardless of the distribution platform chosen by viewers. The obligation does not extend to IPTV or OTT services.
The must-carry requirement primarily concerns public service content from DR and TV 2. This includes news programmes with sign-language interpretation and programmes with audio description for viewers with visual impairments. Also, Folketinget TV, which broadcasts proceedings from the Danish Parliament, is subject to must-carry. Compliance with the rules is supervised by the Radio and Television Board, which is responsible for enforcing the broadcasting legislation and handling cases of non-compliance.

References

Danish Agency for Culture and Palaces. (n.d.). Must-carry overview. [In Danish].
https://slks.dk/omraader/medier/tv/tv-modtagelse-frit-valg-must-carry/must-carry/
Ministry of Culture. (n.d.). Television reception and must-carry. [In Danish].
https://slks.dk/omraader/medier/tv/tv-modtagelse-frit-valg-must-carry/
Government of Denmark. (2020). Radio and television broadcasting act (consolidated version) [In Danish].
https://www.retsinformation.dk/eli/lta/2020/1350
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